日本語の勉強の旅を続けています
The road of learning Japanese continues
學習日語之路正在持續中
【09】名詞修飾句・Noun Modifications・名詞的修飾
☆
內容 CONTENTS
1)詞類・Parts of speech
2)名詞的修飾・Noun modification
✿ 名詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by noun
✿ い-形容詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by い-adjectives
✿ な-形容詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by な-adjectives
✿ い-形容詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by い-adjectives
✿ な-形容詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by な-adjectives
✿ 句子修飾名詞・Noun modification by sentences
3)Nが
✿ 日語的話題與主題・Topic and Subject in Japanese Language
✿ Nが 形容詞・adjective/V
✿ Nが 形容詞・adjective/V
4)參考・References
☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆
1)詞類・Parts of speech
這是我想寫在哪裡供參考的東西。
This is something I wanted to write down somewhere for reference.
就一年多前,我連名詞、形容詞、副詞怎們分辨都搞不清楚。
Just about a year ago, I can’t even recognise nouns, adjectives, adverbs and stuff properly.
呃呃…
Eeeh…
學習日語這個第三語言真的有幫助我瞭解中文和英文的語法。
Learning Japanese as a third language helped me a lot in understanding grammar of Chinese and English.
一樣我確信的事:語法是需要學的!
One thing I reaffirmed: Grammar needs to be learned!
語法的研究是從我們使用的語言中抽出來的。
The study of grammar is pulled out from the language we used.
語法對母語者來說是「理所當然」的,但對語言學習者來說絕對不是。
Grammer is something “common-sense” to native speakers, but definitely not to language learners.
某種意義上,「語法」是一個建構…
In some sense, “grammar” is a construct…
日本語の品詞
|
詞類
(語法類別)
|
Parts
of speech
(grammatical categories)
|
名詞
めいし
例:
東京
金魚(きんぎょ)
|
名詞
- 表示人、地方、事物、事件等的詞彙
例子:
東京
金魚
可作:
- 主語 (被陳述的句子成分)
- 賓語 (謂語支配或陳述的對象)
|
Nouns
- Words that indicates people, places,
things, events, etc
Examples:
Tokyo
Goldfish
Can function as:
- Subject (the main element of the sentence
which can answer “who” or “what” questions)
- Object (something acted upon by the
subject or predicate)
|
形容詞
けいようし
例:
きれい(な)
高い(い)
|
形容詞
- 形容名詞、表示名詞狀態的詞彙
例子:
漂亮/乾淨
高/貴
可作:
- 謂語 (陳述主語的句子成分)
日語的形容詞分兩類:「い-形容詞」和「な-形容詞」
|
Adjectives
- Words used to describe the state of nouns
Examples:
Beautiful/Clean
Tall/Expensive
Can function as:
- Predicate (part of sentence which
describes the subject)
Japanese adjectives have two types: “い-adjectives” and “な-adjectives”
|
動詞
どうし
例:
買う(I)
食べる(II)
する(III)
|
動詞
- 表示動作的詞彙
例子:
- 買
- 吃
- 做
可作:
- 謂語
日語動詞普通型有個「標記」,那就是尾音一定是「う-行」的假名。
|
Verbs
- Words that denotes action
Examples:
- buy
- eat
- do
Can function as:
- Predicate
Japanese verbs has a “label”, that is the ending kana comes form the “う-line”.
|
助詞
じょし
例:
は、が、を
が、へ、に
と、で、も
|
助詞
- 沒有具體意義但有語法作用的詞彙
中文例子:
的/之
和/與
還
也/又
只
再
|
Particles
- Words without content definitions but has
grammatical functions
English examples:
and
also
to
of
|
副詞
ふくし
例:
とても
あまり
ぜんぜん
もっと
|
副詞
- 用來形容動詞、形容詞
- 可以表示程度、時間、原因、等等
- 不是句子裡必要地成分
中文例子:
很/非常(程度)
(動詞)地(程度)
沒有(否定)
常常(時間)
只能作:
狀語
(動詞短語和名詞短語也都能作狀語)
|
Adverbs
- Words that describes verbs or adjectives
- Can indicate degree, time, reason, etc
- Are optional in sentences
English examples:
very (degree)
loudly (degree)
because (reason)
if (condition)
Can only function as:
Adverbial
(Verb phrase and noun
phrases can also function as adverbial)
|
接続詞
せつぞくし
例:
と
そして
から
|
連接詞
- 用來連接詞彙、短語和句子的詞彙
例子:
和
然後
因為/所以
|
Conjunctions
- Words that connects words, phrases and sentences
Examples:
and
then/and then
because/so
|
這些並不是日語、英語和中文的所有詞類。
These are not all of the parts of speech of Japanese, English and Chinese.
我寫的定義只是大概的意思,也有其他定義的方式。
The definitions I wrote are just rough definitions, there are other ways to define these grammatical categories.
詞彙的歸類也不是那麼的直接了斷,在不同語言可能也不一樣。
The classification of words may not be very clear-cut or same for all languages.
例如,「好き」(喜歡)在日語裡是形容詞,但在英文和中文裡卻是動詞。
For example,「好き」(to like) is an adjective in Japanese, but a verb in English and Chinese.
這表格是供對照的,給我參考和給你參考。
The table is just for reference, for my reference and for your reference.
☆
2)名詞的修飾・Noun modification
其實道理很簡單,就是把簡單的名詞,用名詞、形容詞和動詞複雜化。
The rationale is very simple, which is to complicate a simple noun with other nouns, adjectives and verbs.
修飾過後的句型還是名詞(名詞短語)。
The modified structure is still a noun (noun phrase).
中心的名詞是最後的「N」。
In Japanese, the head noun is the “N” at the back.
中文和英文也有名詞修飾,只是換作日文可能會有一種「不熟悉感」或者「陌生感」。
Chinese and English has noun modifications too, except that when it's in Japanese, you might find it “unfamiliar” or “foreign”.
Chinese and English has noun modifications too, except that when it's in Japanese, you might find it “unfamiliar” or “foreign”.
還有日語會有形態變化的問題。
And, Japanese will have the issue of conjugation.
✿ い-形容詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by い-adjectives
✿ な-形容詞修飾名詞・Noun modification by な-adjectives
名詞修飾名詞
Noun modification by noun
|
N +の+ N
桜会社の社員
日本語の教科書
|
い-形容詞修飾名詞
Noun modification by い-adjectives
|
い-形容詞+N
高いビル
白い猫*
|
な-形容詞修飾名詞
Noun modification by な-adjectives
|
な-形容詞+な+N
静かな公園
きれいな人
|
對於這三種句型一定覺得很面熟吧?
Find these three structures familiar?
**注意 NOTE**
「赤」、「青」、「黄色」、「白」、「黒」+「い」+ N其他修飾都是「N(表示顏色)+の+ N」的短語
Other modifications are “N(represents colour)+の+ N” short phrases
✿ 句子修飾名詞・Noun modification by sentences
修飾名詞的句子的謂語成分必須是常體。
The predicate of the sentence which modifies the noun has to be in plain style.
あのパン屋のいちごケーキはおいしいです。
|
いちごケーキがおいしいパン屋
草莓蛋糕很好吃的麵包店
The bakery which
sells delicious strawberry cake
|
女の子はスーパーへ野菜を買います。
|
スーパーへ野菜を買う女の子
去超市買菜的女子
A woman who went
to the supermarket to buy vegetables
|
母はスーパーへ野菜を買います。あのスーパーは駅の近くにあります。
|
母へ野菜を買いに行くスーパーは駅の近くにあります。
母親去買菜的超市很靠近車站。
The supermarket my mother went to buy vegetables
is near the train station.
|
あのおじいさんは面白くて、背が高いです。
|
あの面白くて、背が高いおじいさんは誰ですか。
那位有趣且高大的老爺爺是誰?
Who is that interesting and tall old man?
|
東京へ行ったとき、私はあのホテルに泊まりました。あのホテルのへやはきれいです。
|
東京へ行ったとき私が泊まったホテルのへやはきれいです。
去東京時我住的酒店/飯店的房間很漂亮。
The room of the hotel I stayed
at when I was in Tokyo is beautiful.
|
私は月曜日から土曜日まで会社へいきます。土曜日は時々休みの日です。休みのとき、いつもみかん喫茶店へ行きます。みかん喫茶店のコーヒーはおいしいです。
|
会社が休みの土曜日、私がいつも行くみかん喫茶店のコーヒーはおいしいです。
不用上班的星期六我總是去的蜜柑咖啡店的咖啡很好喝。
The coffee at Mikan coffee house which I always go on Saturdays I do not have to work is really
delicious
|
3)Nが
✿ Nが 形容詞・adjective/V
當N是自然現象、化學或生物反應時,用「が」作主題N的助詞。
When N is a natural phenomenon, chemical or biological reaction,「が」is used as the particle for subject N.
當N形容的是某個狀態或場面,主題N用「が」作助詞。
When N describes a state or scene, the subject N is marked by「が」.
☆
✿ 日語的話題與主題・Topic and Subject in Japanese Language
(修改自 Modified from: 日本語の勉強を再スタート(もう一度)【12】)
は
|
が
|
|
話題/主題
Topic/Subject
|
話題標記
Topic marker
Nは 謂語・Predicate
|
主題標記
Subject marker
Nが 謂語・Predicate
|
話題是共有的,而且出現一次後就能夠省略。
(「は」限定了討論範圍—話題)
The topic
is something shared and can be omitted in subsequent lines.
(「は」sets the area of
discussion — the topic)
|
主題是表示動作/存在的句子的主要成分。
The subject (noun) is
the main element in the sentence denoting action/presence.
|
|
新信息
New information
|
話題不是重要的新信息。
The topic
is not the new important information.
|
主題是新的未知句子成分。
The subject is an
unknown new element.
|
使用助詞「は」時,話題以外的信息才是新的和重要的。
When「は」is used,
the other
elements besides the topic is the new
and important information.
|
使用助詞「が」時,主題是新的和重要的信息。
When「が」is used,
the subject is the new
and important information.
|
|
重點在
Emphasis is on
|
「は」後面
Behind「は」
|
「が」前面(主題)
Before「が」(subject)
|
Wh-疑問詞
Wh-words
· 詢問時間、地點、人物、原因的詞
· who, what,
when, where, why, how
· だれ、どこ、どれ、なん、なに、…
|
Wh-疑問詞不會出現在話題的位置。
Wh-words never
appear as the topic.
|
Wh-疑問詞可以出現在主題的位置。
Wh-words can appear
as the subject.
|
疑問詞一定時出現在「は」後面。
Question words always
comes after「は」.
公園はどこですか。 |
疑問詞通常會出現在「が」的前面。
Question words usually
comes before「が」.
どこが公園ですか。 |
|
名詞
Noun
|
「は」標記的名詞(充當話題)是說話者和聽著之間共有的話題。
The noun (functioning
as topic) marked by「は」is the shared element of interest
between speaker and listener.
|
當動詞和形容是那些形容喜好、能力、持有、喜愛和自然現象的名詞(充當主題)要用「が」來當助詞。
Verbs and
adjectives with nouns (functioning as
subject) marked by「が」are those
that describes preferences, ability, possession, likes and natural
phenomenon.
|
主句/從句
Main /subordinate-clause
|
用於主句中。
Used in the main clause.
|
用於從屬句中。
Used in subordinate clauses.
|
シンガポールはマラーイオンが有名です。
主句 main clause 從句 sub-clause
私が図書館で借りた本はどこにありますか。
從句 sub-clause (充當話題 functioning
as topic)
|
||
省略的情形
Situations of omission
|
當話題很清楚時(有說過了)。
In situations where the
topic is clear (has been mentioned before).
私は鈴木です。[私は]学生です。
|
日常交談中(常體)。
In casual speech (plain style).
カレー[が]好き?
|
✿ Nが 形容詞・adjective/V
當N是自然現象、化學或生物反應時,用「が」作主題N的助詞。
When N is a natural phenomenon, chemical or biological reaction,「が」is used as the particle for subject N.
當N形容的是某個狀態或場面,主題N用「が」作助詞。
When N describes a state or scene, the subject N is marked by「が」.
4)參考・References
Minna no Nihongo 1-2 Translation & Grammatical Notes in English(Asian Edition)— Lesson 22
音速語言學習(日語)— [ 單元4 ] 顏色的說法
☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆
還剩下第22課的一部分還有第23課。
Still left with a bit of Lesson 22 and also Lesson 23.
Still left with a bit of Lesson 22 and also Lesson 23.
課程編排與之前有所不同,所以第24課和第25課無法上。
Because the structure of the course has changed, we could not finish Lesson 24 and 25.
會推到下一個等級(我無論如何都會繼續上)。
It will be pushed till the next level (which I will continue not matter what).
雖然不會寫,但我會稍微看看。
Even though I won’t write that, I will look through it.
寫完最後一篇,要想想下學期應該怎麼複習才更有效率。
After completing the last post, I need to think how to be more efficient in revising for the next semester.
我發神經地(?)又想在下學期多拿課,所以必須更加善用時間。
I think I’m crazy(?) to want to overload again in the next semester, so I have to use my time wisely.
或許可以整理成表格。
Maybe I shall organise into tables.
我最近對表格很痴迷。
I am kind of obsessed with tables recently.
我考慮看看...
I shall consider that...
我發現NHK的日語教學課程(簡明日語)今年前半年改編了。
I realised that the Japanese lessons (Easy Japanese) on NHK website has been reformed in the first half of the year.
要好好看看,看有什麼可以學習的。
I shall take a good look at it and see what can I learn from there.
NHK WORLD やさしい日本語
http://www.nhk.or.jp/lesson/
☆
(完)
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