嵐 J-web 一周 message（2016 - 29 大野智）

「めっちゃ暑いけど水分しっかりとって７月をたのしんでね〜❗️　　智」

「雖然超熱但要確實補充水分好好享受7月喔～❗️　　智」

“It’s crazy hot but drink sufficient amounts of liquids and enjoy July❗️　　Satoshi”


☆


（完）

嵐 J-web 一周 message（2016 - 28 二宮和也）

「VS嵐SPあるよ〜‼️是非に❗️楽しんでください‼️　　　　二宮」

『有「VS ARASHI SP」喔～‼️請務必❗️盡情享受‼️     二宮』

‘There’s going to be a “VS ARASHI SP”‼️Please❗️Enjoy it‼️ -Ninomiya’

☆

（完）

日本語の「音」を学んでいます【07】

日本語の「音」を学んでいます

Learning the “sounds” of Japanese Language

學習著日語的「音」

【07】 「音読み」と「訓読み」・On-reading and Kun-reading・音讀與訓讀

☆

　內容 CONTENTS

1）漢字 WHY？！

　a) 漢字的性質・Characteristic of Kanji

　b) 任意性・Arbitrariness

　c) 漢字的種類・Types of Kanji

2）漢字の 「音読み」と「訓読み」

　a) 音讀・On-reading

　b) 訓讀・Kun-reading

　c) 什麼時候用哪個讀音?・When to use which reading?

　d) 音訓讀混合・Mixed on and kun readings

3）漫畫與歌詞的臨時讀音・Temporary readings in manga and lyrics

4）參考・References

☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆

1） 漢字 WHY？！

　a) 漢字的性質・Characteristic of Kanji

漢字是「語素文字」，也就是說漢字（作為一種符號），記錄的是「語素」。

Kanji is a kind of “logogram”, which implies that Kanji (as a type of symbol), represents “morphemes”.

「語素」是最小的音義結合的語言單位。 

“Morpheme” is the smallest linguistic unit that has both sound and meaning.

漢字一個讓不同讀音得以共存的很重要的性質就是：

One important characteristic of Kanji (Chinese characters) which allow different readings to exist together: 

漢字與意義的關係密切過漢字與聲音的關係。 

Kanji is more closely related to the meaning rather than sound.

　b) 任意性・Arbitrariness

符號（漢字，字母，阿拉伯數字等）和它所代表的概念之間的關係是任意性的，意思是兩者之間沒有必然的聯繫，也可以改變（當然前提是如果你有那個權利）。

The relationship between symbols (characters, letters, arabic numerals, etc.) and the concept they represent is arbitrary, which means it’s random, rather than having any reason and can be changed (if you have the power, of course).

語音和它所代表的概念之間的關係也是任意的。

The relationship between a liguistic sound and the meaning it represents is also arbitrary.

為什麼「花」要叫做「花」、寫作「花」？

Why is “flower” called “flower” and spelt as “flower”?

誰知道啊。

WHO IN THE WORLD KNOWS THAT.

但在那任意性之後，是有一個系統的。

But after the randomness, there is a system to it.

　c) 漢字的種類・Types of Kanji

日本漢字常以「圖畫」或「象形字」介紹給日語的學習者。

Japanese Kanji is often introduced to Japanese Language learners as “pictures”, or “pictographs”.

那是騙人的，只有對象是甲骨文或者小篆等古文字時才是（但現在普通人誰會用這些文字啊？）。

It’s a lie, only true if the subject is the old writings like the Oracle bone script or xiao zhuan (but no everyday-person use that now!).

有一種分類是根據漢字的構字條理得出的，也就是俗稱的「六書」。

There is a classification based on how the Kanji were derived (internal structure), it’s commonly known as the “six writings”.

這只能用了分析中國的漢字，不是日本的漢字，而且是漢朝之前使用的漢字（對，就是日本引入漢字之前）。

This only applies to Chinese Kanji, not Japanese Kanji, and only Kanji used before the Han Dynasty (yeah, before Japan borrowed Kanji).

看看漢字「山」：

Take a look at the kanji character「山」 (mountain):

如果你要說上面前兩個符號是爪子還是蹄，也不能說沒有道理。

If you want to say the first two symbols up there is some claw or hoof, I can’t say it does not make sense.

但創造和使用古漢字的人們決定讓這符號代表「被平地所围绕的具有较大的绝对高度和相对高度而凸起的地貌区^」這個概念。

But the creators and users of old Kanji decide that this symbol represents the concept of “a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area^”.

順帶一提，代表「爪子」的意思的漢字的演變是這樣的：

By the way, the Kanji which means “nails” or “claw” underwent a series of change like this :

但不是所有的漢字都像「山」和「爪」一樣，是完全的象形（模仿物件的形狀）的。

But not all Kanji are completely pictographs (where it imitates the form of the object) like「山」and「爪」.

抽象的概念無法畫嘛！

You can’t draw abstract concepts right?

所有的漢字倒都是以象形字為基礎的。

All Kanji were based on pictographs though.

象形之後是：指事、會意、假借、形聲、轉注。（不會在這裡詳細說明）

After pictographs come: ideographs, compound ideographs, phonetic loan characters, semantic-phonetic compounds, derivative cognates. (Not going to elaborate here)

現在的漢字（中國的或日本的）根本不是「圖畫」。

The Kanji (Chinese or Japanese) now is nothing “picture-like”.

看看「龜」這個漢字變得有多不像畫：

See how “un-picture” the Kanji for “turtle/tortoise” had become:

而且在不同的漢字系統也長得不一樣：

Also, they look different in different Kanji systems:

正體中文／繁體中文／Traditional Chinese：龜 

简体中文／Simplified Chinese：龟 

日本汉字／Japanese Kanji：亀

還有拜假借、簡化、錯字、錯誤的解讀、訛變、推行筆畫什麼的所賜，整個書寫系統變得更複雜。

And thanks to the phonetic borrowing, simplification, miswriting, misinterpretation, erroneous change, introduction of strokes and what not, the whole writing system becomes more complicating.

至於有音讀和訓讀的日本漢字，又是一套令人頭疼的問題。

And for Japanese Kanji which has On-reading and Kun-reading, it probably is another set of confusing problem.

日本漢字不像中文漢字一樣能「有邊讀邊」（況且不是所有漢字都是形聲字，可見這方法不是非常靠譜，雖然隨便亂蒙好過沒有）。

You can’t “read the sides (radical) if you can’t read the character” for Japanese Kanji, unlike what you can attempt to do for Chinese Kanji (and given that not all Kanji characters are semantic-phonetic compound, this method is not very reliable, but better than nothing).

☆

2）漢字の 「音読み」と「訓読み」

　a) 音讀・On-reading

音讀通常被解釋為「中文讀音」或漢字的「原本的讀音」。

On-reading is commonly explained as the “Chinese reading” or “original reading” of the Kanji character.

但讀音已改得符合日語的語音系統，日語的語音系統也經過演變了。

But the reading was changed to fit the Japanese sound system, and the Japanese sound system has evolved since.

我不知道日本借的漢字讀音是什麼時候的什麼方言的讀法（不同的漢字有不同的情況）。

I have no idea which dialect(s) of when did Japan borrowed as the reading of Kanji (it differs for different Kanji).

漢字的讀音變了，在中國和日本都經歷過變化。

The readings of Kanji have experience change, both in China and Japan.

或許你曾聽人說「日語聽起來像XX漢語方言」。

Maybe you have heard people saying “Japanese sound like XX Chinese dialect.”

漢語方言（尤其是南方方言）可能保留了一些字的古音，而那個音剛巧就是日本借給的那個漢字的音。

Chinese Dialects (especially Northern dialects) might have retained the old reading of certain words, and it so happen that Japan borrowed that reading for the Kanji.

　b) 訓讀・Kun-reading

「訓」這個漢字有「教」或「說教」的意思。

The Kanji「訓」has the meaning of “teach” or “instruct”.

在日語中，漢字的訓讀指的就是源自日本的一套讀音。

In Japanese, Kun-reading of Kanji refers to the set of readings which originated in Japan.

在向中國借入漢字之前日本並沒有自己的文字系統，但日本有自己的語言（語音系統）。

Japan did not have their own writing system before they borrowed Kanji from China, but they did have their own language (sound system).

語言比文字系統更早出現，而文字依賴語言。 

Language comes before writing system and the writing system is dependent on the language.

如之前所說明的，漢字作為語素文字，有著與意義的關係密切過與聲音的關係的性質。

As explained earlier, Kanji as a logogram, has this characteristic of being more closely related to meaning rather than sound.

下一點就是符號與它所代表的概念之間的關係是任意性的。

Next point would be  the relationship between symbol and the concept it represents is arbitrary.

這就允許中國漢字被用來代表日語中相同意義的概念，但讀音則是日本原來用來表示那個概念的說法。

This allows Chinese Kanji to be used to represent the same concept in Japanese, but take on another reading, the original reading used in Japan to represent the concept.

　c) 什麼時候用哪個讀音?・When to use which reading?

大部分日本漢字都有兩套讀音，即音讀和訓讀。

Most Japanese Kanji will have two sets of reading, which is the On-reading and Kun-reading.

漢字	訓読み	音読み
運	はこぶ 　運(はこ)ぶ	ウン 　運(うん)転(てん)手(しゅ)
望	のぞ（む） 　望(のぞ)む	ボウ 　希(き)望(ぼう) モウ 　本(ほん)望(もう)
方	かた 　書(か)き方(かた)	ホウ 　方(ほう)法(ほう)
安	やす（い） 　安(やす)い	アン 　安(あん)全(ぜん)
水	みず 　水(みず)色(いろ)　　水(みず)	スイ 　水(すい)道(どう)　　水(すい)曜(よう)日(び)
友	とも 　友(とも)達(だち)	ユウ 　友(ゆう)情(じょう)
花	はな 　花(はな)火(び)	カ 　花(か)瓶(びん)
海	うみ 　海(うみ)	カイ 　海(かい)岸(がん)

所以什麼時候要用什麼讀音？

So when to use which reading?

根據 JapanesePod101.com 所說的：

So, according to JapanesePod101.com:

基本原則：用作單詞或與平假名一起使用時用訓讀；出現在複合詞裡時用音讀。

General rule: When the Kanji appears on it’s own or is used with Hiragana, use the Kun-reading; When it appears in compound words, use the On-reading.

但那條基本原則對只用於名詞的漢字來說不怎麼管用，不是嗎...

But that general rule don’t work well for Kanji used only for nouns, doesn’t it...

即使你說音讀和音讀一起用，訓讀和訓讀一起用，那也是有例外的（看下一小節）。

Even if you were to say, On-reading is used with On-reading, Kun-reading is used with Kun-reading, there are exceptions to it (see next sub-section).

一些漢字也有多過一個音讀。

Some Kanji have more than one On-reading.

例如，「物」有兩個音讀「ぶつ (動物)」和「もの (食べ物)」。

For example,「物」has two On-reading「ぶつ (動物)」and「もの (食べ物)」.

實際上，音讀根據引入的時期，還分「古音」、「吳音」、「漢音」、「唐音」和「宋音」。

In fact, the On-reading can be further divided into “Ko-on”, “Go-on”, “Kan-on”, “Tōon/Tōin” and “Sōon” according to the time the reading was borrowed.

一些漢字有多過一個訓讀。

Some Kanji have more than one Kun-reading.

例如，「出」有兩個訓讀「で (出る)」和「だ (出す)」。

For example,「出」has two Kun-reading「で (出る)」and「だ (出す)」.

再補充一點，一些漢字只有一種讀音。

To add on, some Kanji have only one type of reading.

在日本創造的漢字（国字(こくじ)  / 和製漢字(わせいかんじ)）只會有訓讀，而也有一些漢字只有音讀。

Kanji created in Japan (国字(こくじ) / 和製漢字(わせいかんじ))　will only have Kun-reading, and there are some Kanji with only On-reading.

例如說，「畑」（和製漢字）只有訓讀「はた/はたけ」，「院」只有音讀「イン」。

For example,「畑」(Wasei-Kanji) only has a kun-reading「はた/はたけ」and「院」only has a on-reading「イン」.

這些漢字大多用於名詞。

These Kanji are used mainly in nouns.

　d) 音訓讀混合・Mixed on and kun readings

雖然有「音＋音」和「訓＋訓」讀這樣的規律，其中也存在例外。

Although a general pattern of “on+on” and “kun+kun” reading exists, there are exceptions.

日語中存在兩種音訓讀混合，「湯桶(ゆ-とう)読み」和「重箱(じゅう-ばこ)読み」。

There are two kinds of mixed on and kun readings in Japanese,「湯桶(ゆ-とう)読み」and「重箱(じゅう-ばこ)読み」.

湯桶読み ＝ 訓読み　＋　音読み 

重箱読み ＝ 音読み　＋　訓読み

根據 The Japan Times 上的一篇文章，這類混合讀法的產生有三個原因：

According to an article on The Japan Times, there are three reasons for this mixed reading:

　1）混合讀法能避免同音詞。

　　 Mixed readings can avoid homonyms.

　2）音讀和訓讀不能隨意替換，因為意義不同。

　　 The on-reading and kun-reading are not interchangeable as they have different meanings.

　3）一些漢字只有一個讀音。

　　 Some Kanji has only one reading.

漢字	訓読み	音読み	湯(ゆ)桶(とう)読み 訓読み＋音読み	重(じゅう)箱(ばこ)読み 音読み＋訓読み
手	て た	シュ	手帳（てチョウ）
帳		チョウ
物	もの	ブツ モツ	荷物（にモツ）
荷	に	カ
本	もと	ホン		本屋（ホンや）
屋	や	オク
子	こ	シ ス		団子（ダンご）
団		ダン トン

☆

3）漫畫與歌詞的臨時讀音・Temporary readings in manga and lyrics

在課本、日文書籍、漫畫或歌詞裡常常能看到漢字上面或旁邊會有振假名（注音用的）來標示漢字的讀音。

It is common to find furigana (reading aid) above or beside Kanji in textbooks, Japanese books, manga and lyrics clarify Kanji readings.

但有漫畫或歌詞裡的一些振假名讀音不是漢字真正的讀音，而是作者或作詞人給漢字標上的臨時讀音。

But some furigana readings in manga and lyrics are not the actual readings of the Kanji, but rather temporary readings given to Kanji by the author or lyricists.

在『日本語の知らない日本語』的第四集裡，有提到說學日語的外國學生用漫畫學漢字的讀法，日語老師真的會感到困擾嗎？

In the fourth episode of『日本語の知らない日本語』, it was mentioned that foreign students learning Japanese learn the reading of Kanji from manga, do Japanese teachers really get bothered?

但我覺得日本漢字的臨時讀音很獨特。

But I find the temporary readings of Japanese Kanji very unique.

這是我對這種臨時讀音的看法：

This is what I think about this temporary readings:

1）通過標上另一個讀音，賦予一個詞多一層意義。

　Giving extra meaning to the word by giving it a different reading.

例如在NEWS的一首歌「渚のお姉サマー 」裡，「会話」標上的讀音是「はなし」。

For example, in「渚のお姉サマー 」, a song by NEWS, the word「会話」has the reading「はなし」.

「会話」真正的讀音是「かいわ」。

The actual reading of「会話」is「かいわ」.

「かいわ」和「はなし」的意義很接近，但給人的感覺不太一樣。

「かいわ」and「はなし」are similar in meaning but have slightly different nuances.

2）有時可能是配合旋律的手段，同時也能賦予多一層意義。

　Sometimes it might be a means to suit the rhythm, giving it an extra layer of meaning at the same time.

在嵐的曲子「Sakura」裡，原本讀作「げんざい」的「現在」的讀音是「いま（今）」。

In Arashi’s song「Sakura」, the word「現在」which is originally read as「げんざい」has the reading「いま（今）」.

「いま（今）」給我的感覺只有現在、此刻、當下的意思。

I feel that「いま（今）」only has the meaning of now or currently,

而我覺得「げんざい（現在）」除了現在、此刻、當下這種意思，還有「現在的時代」的意思。

I think「げんざい（現在）」has another meaning of “the present time” on top of the meaning of now or currently.

考慮到這首歌的主題，我覺得這個雙重意義很有趣。

Considering the theme of the song, I find this double meaning really interesting.

3）賦予漢字日式英語的讀音。

　Giving Kanji Wase-eigo readings.

在『暗殺教室』中，作者把「標的 (ひょう てき)」的讀音標成「ターゲット」。

In『暗殺教室』, the author marked「標的 (ひょう てき)」as「ターゲット」.

不過為什麼不直接寫作「ターゲット」呢？

Why not write it as「ターゲット」in the first place?

可能英語對年輕一代的日本人來說比較酷吧（這只是我的想法）。

Maybe English seems cooler to the younger Japanese nowadays (this is just what I think).

4）製造雙關

　Create puns

☆

4）參考・References

常用漢字表一覧 - 文化庁 

kokugo.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/.../jyouyou_kanjihyou.pdf

漢典
http://www.zdic.net
weblio 辞書
http://www.weblio.jp/

About.com — Q. What is On-reading and Kun-reading?
http://japanese.about.com/library/blqow43.htm

JapanesePod101.com — Ask a Japanese Teacher! ON or KUN reading?

https://youtu.be/KZUqtPDX_Gk

Logogram

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram

Omniglot — Types of Chinese characters

http://www.omniglot.com/chinese/types.htm

The Japan Times — Getting all mixed up with mixed kanji readings

http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/03/02/language/getting-all-mixed-up-with-mixed-kanji-readings/#.V3cjA_TEmnM

☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆

這不是一篇關於學習如何認、記住、寫或讀日本漢字的文章。

This is not a post on how to learn how to recognise, remember, write or read Japanese Kanji.

有多過一個讀音對學習者來說是個挑戰，更煩人的問題或許是，一個漢字可以有多過一個意義...

Having more than one reading is a challenge to learners, and a more annoying problem probably would be that a Kanji can have more than one meaning...

但這也可能正是漢字有趣的地方？

But this could turn out to be an interesting point about Kanji?

有一半的篇幅，我在寫的是中國漢字。

Half of this post, what I was writing on is Chinese Kanji.

偏離主題或者息息相關，我無法判斷，但絕對有關係吧。

Digressing or closely-related, I can’t decide, but definitely related.

文字學和語音學真的分不開，誰叫文字依賴語言。

The study of writing system and phonetics cannot be separated, the writing system is dependent on the language.

文字系統將語言視覺化。

The writing system visually represents the language.

借另一個語言的書寫系統來書寫自己的語言...

Borrowing the writing system of another language and using it to write your language...

なんか不思議。

感覺很不可思議。

Kind of fascinating.

如果日本當初借的不是漢字而是拼音文字，或者在某個時間點拼音化了，又或者把漢字廢除了（這幾種情景都是行得通的），會是怎樣的呢？

What if Japan borrowed the alphabet instead of Kanji back then, or romanised the writing system at some point, or scrapped Kanji (all these scenarios are feasible), what will it be like?

也不知道「漢字」對我來說是什麼。

I also have no idea what “Kanji” means to me.

唯一能確定的是，現在我就不會再寫這個了。

One thing for sure, I won’t be writing this now.

世上唯一不變的就是「改變」。

The only thing that never changes in this world is “change”.

☆

鏈接・LINKS

✿【00】出発点（しゅっぱつてん）

✿【01】「母音」と「長音」

✿【02】「子音」と「促音」

✿【03】「母音」、「子音」、「鼻音」

✿【04】拍

✿【05】無声化

✿【06】アクセント

✿【08】連濁

☆

（完）