遇到解不開的問題,如果別人告訴我怎麼解題,
即使當時懂了,也會很快忘記,
因為並沒有完全變成自己的知識。
但是,自己花了很長時間,
絞盡腦汁解出的問題不會忘記。
—— 津村光平《學生街殺人》


只從單一角度看,會不瞭解本質,人和土地都一樣。
—— 加賀恭一郎《當祈禱落幕時》


如果找不到目標,就一直尋找,直到找到為止。
如果一輩子都找不到,這也是一種人生。
—— 津村光平《學生街殺人》

2015年12月5日 星期六

日本語の「音」を学んでいます【01】


日本語の「音」を学んでいます
Learning the “sounds” of Japanese Language
學習著日語的「音」
【01】「母音」と「長音」・Vowels and long vowels・元音與長元音




 內容 CONTENTS

1)我很囉嗦・I am very long-winded
 a) 語音・Linguistic sounds
 b) 國際音標・IPA
 c) 羅馬字・Romanisation

2)「母音(ぼいん)」
 a)  國際音標元音簡介・Brief introduction of IPA vowels
 b) 日語的元音・Vowels in Japanese Language
 c) 最小對立體・Minimal pair
 d)  標準與例外・The by right and the “by left”

3)「長音(ちょうおん)」
 a) 日語的長元音・Long vowels in Japanese Language
 b) 怎麽寫長元音・How to write long vowels
 c) 長音羅馬字・Romanisation of long vowels

4)參考・References


☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆


1)我很囉嗦・I am very long-winded

 a) 語音・Linguistic sounds

語音被說是語言的「物質外殼」。
Linguistic sounds are said to be “the material shell” of a language.

語音是有著一群人賦予意義的聲音。
Linguistics sounds are sounds that have meanings attached to it by a group of people.

先有語音才有文字。
Linguistic sounds come before written scripts.

語音能用來溝通(和什麼?)。
Linguistic sounds can be used to communicate (with what?).



 b) 國際音標・IPA

說到語音,很難不說到能轉寫世上所有語言的語音符號(國際音標)。
Talking about linguistics sounds, it is quite hard not to talk a little about the Phonetics symbols (International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA) that can be used to transcribe sounds of all languages in the world.

要說元音和輔音,還是說說國際音標好了,學以致用嘛。
Since I am writing about vowels and consonants, might as well talk a bit about IPA, got to put what I have learnt to use, isn’t it?

我儘量減少需要瞭解國際音標才能理解的內容。
I try to reduce the amount of content that requires the IPA knowledge in order to understand.

因為:
・學日語比一定要學國際音標。
・國際音標有其局限性。
・我不瞭解國際音標的全部。
Because:
・IPA is not necessary in learning Japanese.
・IPA has it’s limitations.
・I don’t really understand all of IPA.

國際音標的符號對應的是一個發音組合。 
Each symbol in the IPA corresponds to one combination of speech organs.

國際音標將音子(一個發音器官發出語音的狀態)歸類成兩大類(有一些其他的東西):輔音元音
The IPA organises phone (one combination of speech organs which produces a linguistic sound) into two big categories (with some additional things): consonants and vowels.

(我會在第三篇裡比較兩者)
(I will compare them in the third post)

輔音是根據發音方式排列的。
Consonants are arranged according to articulation manner.

元音是根據舌身位置和圓唇不圓唇排列的。
Vowels are arranged according to position of tongue body and lip rounding.

國際音標能記載所有語言的語音(照理來說)。
IPA is able to record the linguistic sounds of all languages (by right).

沒有一個語言是有國際音標的所有音的。
No single language has all the sounds recorded in the IPA.



 c) 羅馬字・Romanisation

日語除了用漢字、平假名和片假名書寫,還能用羅馬字書寫。
Besides using kanji, hiragana and katakana to write, Japanese can also be written in Romaji (romanisation).

羅馬字是一種轉寫(像漢語拼音那樣),應該不算正式的書寫系統吧?
Romanisation is a type of transcription (like Hanyu pinyin), I don’t think it’s considered an official writing system.

羅馬字轉寫(如果有用到的話),我會用改良版的平文式羅馬字(維基百科介紹
Romanisation (if I do use it), will be the modified version of Hepburn Romanisation (Wikipedia introduction)




2)「母音(ぼいん)」

 a)  國際音標元音簡介・Brief introduction of IPA vowels

元音是由聲帶發出的語音,發音時肺部的氣流沒有阻塞。
A vowel is a speech sound made by the vocal cords, and is pronounced without closure at some point along the vocal tract.

中文典型的元音有「啊 (a/ㄚ)」、「衣 (i/一)」、「歐 (o/ㄛ)」、「滅 (e/ㄜ)」(韻味)、「鵝 (e/ㄝ)」、「烏 (u/ㄨ)」、「魚 (ü/ㄩ」,但其實數量多過這個。
“a, e, i, o, u” are the typical vowels of English, but there are actually more than these.

日語只有5個母音
Japanese only has 5 vowels.

元音表是根據舌位排列元音符號的。
The vowel chart arranges vowels according to the position of the tongue.




我在國際音標的元音表圈出了日語元音。
I circled out the vowels of Japanese Language in the vowel chart of IPA.

參考了幾處的說法和自己的認知後,單單這五個符號是無法表達日語的五個元音的,需要用到附加符號。
I went on to look at other sayings, combined with my own knowledge, this five symbols alone are insufficient to represent the five vowels of Japanese Language, there is a need for diacritic marks.



 b) 日語的元音・Vowels in Japanese Language

日語的元音可以在假名表的第一行找到!
Japanese vowels are found in the first line in the kana table!

元音和輔音結合成日語裡的音拍。
Vowels combine with consonants to form mora of Japanese Language.

平假名
Hiragana
片假名
Katakana
羅馬字
Romaji
a
i
u
e
o
國際音標
IPA
[a]
[i]
]
[e̞]
[o̞]
中文
同等例子
「啊」的韻母
「衣」的韻母
不圓+扁唇的「烏」
「美」的韻腹(稍低)
「歐」的韻腹(稍低)
English equivalent
arm
/ɑːrm/
free
/friː/
flatten your lips as you pronounce food
/fuːd/
let
/le̞t/
old
/oʊld/

  
是扁唇的附加符號,意思是當你發「う」時,不僅不圓唇([ɯ]),還要稍微扁唇([ɯᵝ])。
is the diacritic mark for compressed lips, which means when you pronounce「う」, not only you don't round your lips ([ɯ]), you also compress them ([ɯᵝ]).

[e̞] 和 [o̞] 的發音比一般的 [e] 和 [o] 低一點(舌身的位置低一點)。
[e̞] and [o̞] are pronounced lower (position of the tongue body is lower) than the usual [e] and [o].



 c) 最小對立體・Minimal pair

最小對立體(一個語言)
只有一處音韻元素(音位、聲調、音長等等)不同的字或詞
卻又有著意義上的差別
Minimal pair (of a language)
Words or phrases that differs in only one phonological element (phoneme, tone, duration, etc)
and yet have distinct meanings




中文(普通話)
Chinese
日語
Japanese
英文
English
音位
Phoneme
爸:[pa51]
怕:[pha51]

[h]是代表送氣的附加符號。

「爸」和「怕」的聲母不同。
か:[ka]
く:[kɯᵝ]

か」和「く」的元音不一樣。
か」and「く」differ in their vowel.
bin[pɪn]
pin[bɪn]

“bin” and “pin” differ in their initial consonant.
聲調/重輕音
Tone/Pitch-accent
八:[pa55]
爸:[pa51]

聲調不同,「八」是第一聲(陰平),「爸」是第四聲(去聲)
橋:[ha ɕi]
箸:[ha ɕi]

紅色的音拍是相對高音的。
The mora in red is relatively higher in pitch.

音長
Length

さん
ばあさん

沒有長元音[a]「おさん」意思為阿姨,有長元音[a]的意思為奶奶。
「おさん」without long vowel [a] means aunt, when pronounced with long vowel [a], it means grandmother.
bin[bɪn]
bean[bn]

[ː] is the diacritic mark for extension of phoneme.

“bin” and “bean differ in terms of long vowel “i

我列舉的幾對例子都是那語言裡的「最小對立體」的例子。
All the pair of examples I gave are examples of “minimal pair” in the respective language.

沒有列舉是因為在那個語言裡,那音韻元素不造成意義上的差別。
Those without example means that in that language, the phonological element does not account for difference in meaning.



 d)  標準與例外・The by right and the “by left”

如果稍微地偏離「標準」的發音也不會改變意思的話,沒有必要堅持「完美的發音」。
There is no need for the strong insistence in “perfect pronunciation” as long as there is no difference caused by the slight mispronunciation from the “by-right”

我這是什麼意思?
What do I mean?

例如說:
[ɯᵝ] 和 [u] 在日語裡沒有對立。
即使發「く」時,元音不是發扁唇的[ɯᵝ],而是[u],「く」還是「く」。
聽起來稍微不一樣,但是沒有造成意義上的差別。
For example:
[ɯᵝ] and [u] are not minimal pair in Japanese.
Even if you say the vowel of「く」as [u] instead of compressing your lips to pronounce [ɯᵝ], 「く」is still「く」.
It sounds slightly different, but there is no difference in meaning caused.

既然沒有意義上的差別,根本不需要要求完美且標準的發音才能讓人明白你在說什麼。
Since there are no resulting difference in meaning, one does not have to have perfect pronunciation to be understood.

你還是可以和別人溝通。
You can still communicate with others.

這只是我學了一個學期的語音的想法,你不需要贊同。
This is just how I think after one semester of studying phonetics, and you do not have to agree with me.





3)「長音(ちょうおん)」

 a) 日語的長元音・Long vowels in Japanese Language

上古日語好像是沒有長元音和長輔音的。
Old Japanese don’t seem to have long vowels or long consonants

日語的長元音有區分意義的作用(多數為日本原有詞彙和中文借詞)。
Long vowels in Japanese has the function of differentiating meanings (mostly for Japanese words and Chinese loan words).

「音拍」和「最小對立體」的概念對瞭解會有幫助。
The concept of “mora” and “minimal pair” is useful here.

日語裡,「音拍」是固定的時長劃分。
In Japanese, a “mora” is a specific unit of time.

發長元音時,會比一個元音長一倍。
A long vowel is pronounced twice as long as a vowel.

(我會在之後的篇裡寫到「音拍」。)
(I will write more about “mora” in a later post.)



例子・Examples


さん
叔叔/舅舅/大叔
Uncle/Middle-age man
じいさん
爺爺/外公/老爺爺
Grandfather/Old man
き 雪

Snow
ゆうき 勇気
勇氣
Courage
しょねん 初年
初年/開始幾年
The early years
しょうねん 少年
少年
Young boy


意思會因為有/沒有長音而不一樣,所以長元音很重要!
The meaning can change with/without long vowels, so long vowels are very important!

如果不打長元音,你可能會找不到你要的字。
If you don’t type the long vowels, you might not be able to find the word you want.



 b) 怎麽寫長元音・How to write long vowels

平假名和片假名的長音表示方式不一樣。
The representation of long vowels is different for hiragana and katakana.

用片假名書寫的詞要有長元音不是因為沒有長元音意思就會改變,好像是和外語借詞的轉寫有關(我不是很清楚)。
Long vowels for words written in katakana are not so much due to change in meaning if there is no long vowel, it seems that it’s related to how foreign loan words were transcribed (I’m not very sure).



例子Examples
例外Exceptions
-line
+あ
ばあさん

-line
+い
しいたけ   椎茸

-line
+う
くうき    空気
ゆうめい   有名

-line
+い
せんせい   先生
めいじ    明治
ねえさん お姉さん
ええ
ねえ
-line
+う
しょうゆう  醤油
とうきょう  東京
こうこう   高校
おおきい  大きい
おおい   多い
とおい   遠い
とおか   十日
カタカナ
ラーメン
セーター
ケー


因為這是長元音,所以發音的時候是要延長之前的元音,而不是當作獨立的假名/音拍來唸。
Since these are long vowels, you pronounce as the extension of the previous vowel, not as individual kana/mora.


 c) 長音羅馬字・Romanisation of long vowels

長元音會在元音上加上長音符號「 ¯ 」來表示。
Long vowels will be represented with a macron “ ¯ ” on top of the vowel.




例子Examples
-line
+あ
aa/ā

ばあさん  obaasan/obāsan
かあさん  okaasan/okāsan
-line
+い
ii/ī
しいたけ   shiitake
じいさん  ojiisan/ojīsan
-line
+う
uu/ū

くうき    kūki
ゆうめい   yūmei/yūmē
-line
+い
ei
せんせい   sensei
めいじ    meiji
えいが    eiga
-line
+う
ou/ō

しょうゆう  shōyū
こうこう   koukou
のう     
ろう    tarō
カタカナ

メン   rāmen
   sētā
キ    kēki

(羅馬字不是我主要想看的東西。)
(Romanisation is not the main thing I want to look at.)




4)參考・References

國際音標表・IPA Chart

最小對立體・Minimal pair

Cambridge Dictionaries Online


☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆


語音學對我來說也是很新的東西,所以我知道這些概念不是一天就能明白的。
Phonetics is also very new to me, so I understand that these concepts are really not easy to understand in just one day.

如果有什麼術語或是概念不清楚,多看看資料然後連繫自己最常用的語言吧!
If you are unsure of any terminology or concept, do read up more and link it to the language you use the most!

自己思考過,真的會記得久一點。
Thinking through something on your own really helps to retain it in your mind.





鏈接・LINKS
【00】出発点(しゅっぱつてん)
【02】「子音」と「促音」




(完)


沒有留言:

張貼留言