日本語の「音」を学んでいます
Learning the “sounds” of Japanese Language
學習著日語的「音」
【06】 アクセント・Pitch-accent・高低重音
☆
內容 CONTENTS
1）日本語高低アクセント
a) 高低重音・Pitch-accent
b) 聲調與高低重音的區別・Difference between tone and pitch-accent
a) 高低重音・Pitch-accent
b) 聲調與高低重音的區別・Difference between tone and pitch-accent
c) 高低重音標記法・Marking pitch-accent
d) 複合名詞的高低重音變化・Change in pitch-accent of compound nouns
2）方言之間的差異・Dialectal differences
d) 複合名詞的高低重音變化・Change in pitch-accent of compound nouns
2）方言之間的差異・Dialectal differences
3）參考・References
☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆.｡.:*･ﾟ*:.｡.☆☆
1）日本語高低アクセント
a) 高低重音・Pitch-accent
說到日語的高低重音（也稱「高低口音」），需要會算「音拍」，不清楚怎麽辨別的話可以參考之前的文章。
Touching on the topic of Japanese pitch-accent, you need to know how to count mora, if you are unsure of how to tell apart mora, you can refer to a previous post.
日語裡，高低重音能形成最小對立體。
Pitch-accent can contribute to a minimal pair in Japanese Language.
最小對立體（一個語言）
・只有一處音韻元素（音位、聲調、音長等等）不同的字或詞
・卻又有著意義上的差別
Minimal pair (of a language)
・Words or phrases that differs in only one phonological element (phoneme, tone, duration, etc)
・and yet have distinct meanings
高低重音指的是第一個音拍比第二個音拍相對地（不是絕對地）高或低。
By pitch-accent, it means the first mora is relatively higher or lower, not absolute, in comparison with the second mora.
「相對」指的是不同的人有不同的音高。
By “relative”, it means that different people have different pitch.
測量的話，音高會有相似的變化，但音值會不同。
If you were to measure, there will be a similar pattern of pitch change, but the actual values will differ.
b) 聲調與高低重音的區別・Difference between tone and pitch-accent
「相對」指的是不同的人有不同的音高。
By “relative”, it means that different people have different pitch.
測量的話，音高會有相似的變化，但音值會不同。
If you were to measure, there will be a similar pattern of pitch change, but the actual values will differ.
b) 聲調與高低重音的區別・Difference between tone and pitch-accent
聲調
Tone
|
高低重音
Pitch-accent
|
|
定義
Definition
|
每個音節有自己固定的音高變化（有被其他音節影響的情形）。
Every syllable has it’s fixed change
in pitch (which can be affected by other syllable).
音節内的音高變化。
Change in pitch within a syllable.
|
一個詞裡的每个音節（音拍）的音高取决于該音節在詞里出現的位置。
The
pitch of the syllable (mora) within a word is dependent on it’s position in
the word.
音節（音拍）之間的音高變化。
Change in pitch between syllables (morae).
|
例子
Example
|
漢語普通話 Mandarin Chinese
背 VS 背
一个音节 One syllable：bei［pei］
用“五度標記法”標記：
Marking with “the system of tone
letters”:
背 ［pei55］ (to carry on the back)
背 ［pei51］ (back of the body)
韻母部分的音高變化是過渡性的。
The change
in pitch in the vowels is transitional.
|
現代日語（東京腔）Japanese (Tokyo accent)
橋 VS 箸
两个音拍 Two morae：はし［ha ɕi］
標記高低重音：
Marking pitch-accent:
橋（はし）
箸（はし）
紅色與劃線的音拍為相對的高音。
The red and underlined mora is the
mora with relative higher pitch.
|
作用
Uses
|
通過音節内部的音高變化來達到區分意義和語法的效果。
The change in pitch within a syllable
is used to differentiate meaning and grammatical properties.
|
通過音節（音拍）之間的音高的相對性區分同音異義詞。
The change in relative pitch between
syllable (mora) is used to differentiate homonyms (words with same sound but different meanings).
|
c) 高低重音標記法・Marking pitch-accent
在日語（標準東京腔）中，第一個音拍和第二個音拍的音高一定不同，而且一個詞內高低重音只升/降一次。
In Japanese Language (standard Japanese accent, aka Tokyo accent), the pitch of the first and second mora is always different, and the pitch-accent only rises/lowers once within a word.
標記詞的高低重音有幾種方法：There are a few ways to mark pitch-accent of a word:
The square bracket method is used in dictionaries.
d) 複合名詞的高低重音變化・Change in pitch-accent of compound nouns
無論 N1 和 N2 的高低重音是什麼，複合名詞的高低重音都會變成 L-H-L 的形式，高音會在 N2 的第二個音拍下降。
用「早稲田大学」作為例子：
Using 「早稲田大学」as an example:
解釋
Explanation
|
例子
Examples
|
|
【0】
|
只有第一個音拍是低音。
Only the first mora is
low-pitched.
如果只有一個音拍，那就是高音。
If the word has only one
mora, it is high-pitched.
|
英語（えいご）：L-H-H
教室（きょうしつ）：L-H-H-H
葉（は）：H
|
【1】
|
只有第一個音拍是高音，之後降低。
Only the first mora is
high-pitched, the pitch lowers after the first mora.
|
カメラ：H-L-L
電車（でんしゃ）：H-L-L-L
|
【2】
|
只有第二個音拍是高音。
Only the second mora is
high-pitched.
|
卵（たまご）：L-H-L
|
【3】
|
只有第二和第三個音拍是高音。
Only the second and third
morae are high-pitched.
|
北海道（ほっかいどう）：L-H-H-L-L-L
コンピューター：L-H-H-L-L-L
|
【4】
|
只有第二至第四個音拍是高音。
Only the second to fourth
morae are high-pitched.
|
妹（いもうと）：L-H-H-H-(L)
|
【N】
|
只有第二至第N個音拍是高音。
Only the second to N morae
are high-pitched.
|
自動販売機【6】
じどうはんばいき
L-H-H-H-H-H-L-L
|
d) 複合名詞的高低重音變化・Change in pitch-accent of compound nouns
N1 ＋ N2 ＝ N3 (複合名詞・Compound noun)
無論 N1 和 N2 的高低重音是什麼，複合名詞的高低重音都會變成 L-H-L 的形式，高音會在 N2 的第二個音拍下降。
Regardless of the pitch-accent of N1 and N2, the pitch-accent of a compound noun turns into the L-H-L accent pattern, where the pitch drops down at the second mora of N2.
用「早稲田大学」作為例子：
N1:
早稲田（わせだ）【1】
H-L-L
|
N2:
大学（だいがく）【0】
L-H-H-H
|
N3 (複合名詞 Compound noun):
早稲田大学（わせだ だいがく）【4】
L-H-H-H-L-L-L
|
|
☆
這篇說的都是關於現代東京腔的高低重音。
Everything in this post is about the pitch-accent of present Tokyo dialect.
高低重音的差異是形成日語方言之間的差異的因素之一。
The difference in pitch-accent is one aspect which contributes to difference in dialects of Japanese Language.
詞彙和形態變化在各個方言裡也有不同，但語音的差異是最明顯的。
The vocabulary and form of conjugations are also different in different dialects, but the difference in sound is the most obvious.
真正的「標準語」並不存在，那是建構出來的。
A true “standard language (標準語)” does not exist, it is constructed.
現時的標準日語是從以前的東京方言規範化而來的。
The standard Japanese Language used now is standardised from the old Tokyo dialect
現時的標準日語是從以前的東京方言規範化而來的。
The standard Japanese Language used now is standardised from the old Tokyo dialect
☆
音速語言學習（日語）— 「單元03」日語的重音(基礎篇)
https://jp.sonic-learning.com/2010/01/15/accent/
weblio 辞書
http://www.weblio.jp/
Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
http://www.gavo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ojad/
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本語の方言の比較表
沒有留言:
張貼留言