遇到解不開的問題,如果別人告訴我怎麼解題,
即使當時懂了,也會很快忘記,
因為並沒有完全變成自己的知識。
但是,自己花了很長時間,
絞盡腦汁解出的問題不會忘記。
—— 津村光平《學生街殺人》


只從單一角度看,會不瞭解本質,人和土地都一樣。
—— 加賀恭一郎《當祈禱落幕時》


如果找不到目標,就一直尋找,直到找到為止。
如果一輩子都找不到,這也是一種人生。
—— 津村光平《學生街殺人》

2015年12月29日 星期二

日本語の「音」を学んでいます【03】


日本語の「音」を学んでいます
Learning the “sounds” of Japanese Language
學習著日語的「音」
【03】 「母音」、「子音」、「鼻音」・Vowels, Consonants, Nasal consonants・元音、輔音、鼻輔音






 內容 CONTENTS

1)「母音」VS「子音」
 a) 對比母音與子音・Comparison of vowels and consonants

2)鼻輔音・Nasal consonants
 a) 「ん」・「ン」
 b) 「んふ」?
 c) 鼻濁音・Voiced nasal sounds

3)日本語の「r/l」と「f/h」
 a) r/l
 b) f/h

4)參考・References


☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆


1)「母音」VS「子音」

 a) 對比母音與子音・Comparison of vowels and consonants



母音(ぼいん)
元音Vowels
子音(しいん)
輔音Consonants
語音定義
Phonetic definition
元音是由聲帶發出的語音,發音時肺部的氣流沒有阻塞
A vowel is a speech sound made by the vocal cords, and is pronounced without closure at some point along the vocal tract.

輔音是發音時,肺部的氣流受到完全或部分阻塞的語音。
A consonant is a speech sound produced with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. 

響亮度
Speech loudness
響亮度高。
Loud.
響亮度不高,很多輔音獨自發時基本上聽不到。
Not very loud, many consonants can’t be heard on it’s own at all.

清濁(帶聲/不帶聲)
Voiceless and Voiced
元音基本上都是带聲(濁)的。
Vowels basically are all voiced.



帶聲(濁):發聲時,聲帶振動。
Voiced: When making the speech sound, the vocal cords vibrates.
有些輔音聲(濁),有些聲(清)
Some consonants are voiced, some are voiceless.

不帶聲(清):發生時,聲帶不振動。
Voiceless: When making the speech sound, the vocal cords does not vibrate.
國際音標的排列
Organisation in the IPA Chart
根據舌位高低前後,圓唇不圓唇排列。
Arranged according to position of tongue (front/back, close/open), lips rounded or not rounded.
根據發音部位(行)和發音方法(欄)排列。
Arranged acoording to place of articulation (row) and manner of articulation (column).

從左到右,發音部位就越往口腔內部。
As you go from left to right, the place of articulation goes towards the inner oral cavity.

清音:國際音標輔音表欄的一對裡左的符號。
Voiceless: The left symbol of the pair in a column.

濁音:國際音標輔音表欄的一對裡右邊的符號。
Voiced: The right symbol of the pair in a column.





2)鼻輔音・Nasal consonants

 a) 「ん」・「ン」

「ん」是鼻音(「ン」也是一樣的)。
「ん」is a nasal sound (same applies for「ン」).

「ん」不會出現在詞首(在外語借詞和沖繩語其實是會的)。
「ん」never appears at the start of a word (it actually does in foreign loan words and Okinawan language).

根據後面的音,「ん」有幾個發音法。
「ん」 has different pronunciations based on the sound that follows it。




音位
Phoneme

例子
Examples
[n]
/d, n, t/ 前時。
When in front of /d, n, t/.

/d//n/ /t/ 都是「齒齦音」,發音時舌尖頂著齒齦。
/d/, /n/ and /t/ are all “alveolar sounds”, when pronouncing, the blade of your tongue touches the alveolar ridge.

當你試著在「齒齦音」前發鼻音時,你會發出[n]這個音。
When you try to pronounce a nasal sound with the following sound being “alveolar sounds”, you will get the [n] sound.

どう /kand:/
ない /annai/
てい /tant:/

[m]
/b, p, m/ 前時。
When in front of /b, p, m/.

/b//p/ /m/ 都是「雙唇音」,意思是這些都是用唇發的音。
/b/, /p/ and /m/ are all “bilabial sounds”, meaning they are sounds pronounced with your lips.

當你試著在唇音前發鼻音時,你會發出[m]這個音。
When you try to pronounce a nasal sound with the following sound being pronounced with your lips, you will get the [m] sound.

べい /smb:/
ぱい /smpai/
まい /gm:ai/

[ŋ]
/k/ /ɡ/ 前時。
When in front of /k/ or /g/.

/k//g/ /ŋ/ 都是「軟顎音」。
/k/, /g/ and /ŋ/ are “velar sounds”.

「軟顎音」時,舌根會接近軟齶。
When pronouncing “velar sounds”, the back of the tongue is in close contact with the soft palate.

當你試著在「軟顎音」前發鼻音時,你會發出[ŋ]這個音。
When you try to pronounce a nasal sound with the following sound being a “velar sound”, you will get the [ŋ] sound.

/taŋka/
/maŋga/

[ɴ]
在詞尾或句尾時。
At the end of the word/sentence.

こうえ /k:ɴ/
みか /mikaɴ/


有沒有發現以上都是針對塞音(發音時氣流完全阻塞)和鼻音的?
Have you realised that all the above are targeted at stops (when pronounced there is complete closure of the vocal tract) and nasal sounds?

喂,那其他的輔音和元音呢?
But hey, what about other consonants and vowels?



/i/ いん
/a/ あい

關於元音,有說法是會變成鼻化元音?
For vowels, there are sayings that it becomes a nasalised vowel?
/ɸ/ ()

「ん」後面很少有「ふ」吧?跟在「ん」後面的 「ふ」好像常變成「ぷ」,像是在「三分」的「さんぷん」。
「ふ」don’t really come after「ん」? 「ふ」following「ん」often becomes 「ぷ」, as in「さんぷん」of「三分」.

/s/ せい
/dz/ ざい
/ɾ/ らんしゃ
/ɕ/ しん

-行的輔音不是第一個音的時候,有變成「閃音」的傾向。
Consonant of -line tends to become a “flap” when it is not the first sound.

[ɕ]是齦顎擦音。
[ɕ] is an alveolo-palatal fricative.

/ɲ/ しんはにん
/j/


/h/ はんにん





參考各方說法及根據發音部位,我覺得這樣聽起來最像:
Looking through different sayings and according to the place of articulation, this is what I think sounds most similar:


原則上「ん」是 [ɴ]
By default,「ん」is  [ɴ].

「ん」傾向跟著下一個音的發音部位。
「ん」tends to follow the place of articulation of the following sound.

瞭解這個能解釋為何「せんぱい」聽上去會像「sempai」,但沒有必要有意識地發「準確」的鼻音。
Understanding this helps to explain why「せんぱい」can sound like “sempai”, but there is no need to consciously pronounce the “correct” nasal sound.

只要後面的音發對,說得快的時候,夾在中間的「ん」聽上去自然就會變成以上那些對應的音了。
As long as the sound behind is pronounced correctly, when speaking at a fast pace, the「ん」smacked in the middle will sound like those listed above accordingly.



 b「んふ」?

這是什麼啊,哈哈哈哈。
What’s that, hahahaha.

【んふんふ んふんふんふ!】んふんふんふんふ【んふ】~【nnf nnf】~

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsZwsZya96c


 c) 鼻濁音・Voiced nasal sounds
鼻濁音 (びだくおん):
「か゚」、「き゚」、「く゚」、「け゚」、「こ゚」
輔音・Consonant:/ŋ/
中文 /ŋ/ 的例子:星 xing(/ɕiŋ/)
Example of /ŋ/ in English: sing(/sɪŋ/)

發音方法:舌根接觸軟顎,軟顎下降,氣流通過鼻腔,聲帶振動。 
Method of articulation: The back of the tongue touches the soft palate, the soft palate lowers, air escapes through the nose, the vocal cords vibrates.

「が-行」會變成鼻濁音,只有不是詞首的時候。
「が-row」will become voiced nasal sounds only when it is not the beginning of a word.

 たまご              たまこ゚
ta-ma-go          ta-ma-ngo

現在,東京標準語不怎麼用 /ŋ/,但可以在東北方言聽到。
/ŋ/ is rarely used in Tokyo accent now, but you can hear it in Tohoku dialects.

NHK的播報員也會用。
NHK announcers will also use it.

也不需要太在意「鼻濁音」。
Don’t have to be overly concerned about「鼻濁音」too.



在谷歌簡單搜索,我就看到不少網頁說「鼻濁音」會「滅亡」。
Just doing a simple google search, I see results saying that「鼻濁音 」will “die out”.

「流逝」較貼切吧。
To say that it’s “lost” will be more suitable?




3)日本語の「r/l」と「f/h」

 a) r/l

說『日本人「r」和「l」不分』,意味著什麼?
To say that “Japanese cannot differentiate ‘r’ and ‘l’”, what does it imply?

我不懂該怎麼解釋...
I am unsure how to put this into words...

例如:無論「Right/Light」,很多日本人大概都會唸作「ライト」。
For example: Whether it is Right/Light, many Japanese will probably pronounce it as「ライト」.

因為日語裡不存在「r」和「l」的對立。
Because in Japanese, “r” and “l” are not a minimal pair.

不區分「r」或「l」對於說日語或學習日語的人不是問題,因為使用閃/近/邊近輔音不會造成意義上的差別。
Not differentiating “r” and “l” is not a problem for people who speak Japanese, or for people learning Japanese, since in Japanese language, there is no difference in meaning caused by the use of flap/lateral/lateral approximate consonant.

在日語母語者學習說「r」和「l」形成對立體的語言時才會出現問題。
Problems arises only when native Japanese speakers learn to speak languages whereby “r” and “l” forms a minimal pair.

不是說發音時完全不能區分,只是需要練習。
Not that they cannot differentiate at all when pronouncing, just that it requires practice.

語言本來就是需要學習的嘛。
Language has to be learned anyway.



 b) f/h

[ɸ]
h/f
清雙唇擦音
Voiceless bilabial fricative

如同我在前一篇寫的,「ふ」的輔音在中文和英文裡不使用。
As I have wrote in the previous post, the consonant of「ふ」is not used in English or Chinese.

但是,你說 /ɸɯᵝ/、/fɯᵝ/、/hɯᵝ/,甚至 /ɸu/、/fu/、/hu/ 都沒關係。
But, it does not really matter whether you say /ɸɯᵝ/, /fɯᵝ/, /hɯᵝ/,  or even /ɸu/, /fu/, /hu/.

因為它們的音效接近,而且沒有意思上的區別。
Because their acoustic properties are kind of similar and there are no differences in meaning.

那什麼時候會有問題?
When will there be problems?

例如中文裡,因為 /fu/ 和 /hu/ 形成對立。
For example in Chinese, since /fu/ and /hu/ are minimal pairs.

(但我個人認為,中文裡在區別意義上,聲調比輔音更重要。)
(But personally, I feel that tones are more important in distinguishing meaning than consonants in Chinese.)

我對「標準發音」產生了厭惡感,所以不想多寫。
I got kind of irritated by  “the correct pronunciation”, so I shall not write more.



接下來是關於「ふ」的羅馬音的。
Following is with regards to the romanisation of「ふ」.

有些人會把 「ふ」的羅馬音寫作「fu」,其他人寫作「hu」。
Some people romanise 「ふ」 as “fu”, others as “hu”.

兩個都沒有錯,因為它們屬於不同羅馬字系統。
Both are not wrong, because they belong to different romanisation systems.

兩個都沒有錯,因為「」的輔音不是英文的「h」或「f」。
Both are not wrong, because the consonant of「」is neither “h” nor “f” of English.



兩個常見的系統的小小的比較:
A simple comparison of two common systems:

ひらがな
平假名
Hiragana
ヘボン式ローマ字
平文式羅馬字
Hepburn Romanisation
日本式ローマ字
日本式羅馬字
Nihon-shiki Romanisation
fu
hu
tsu
tu
shi
si
chi
ti
ji
zi
しゃ
sha
sya
ちゃ
cha
tya
じゃ
jya
zya

兩者都不同,也不需要為誰對誰錯而爭吵。
They are different, and there is no need to argue who is right and who is wrong.




4)參考・References


日本語を美しく表現!「鼻濁音」を話す日本人が居なくなる!?

日語鼻濁音 が ぎ ぐ げ ご 讀 ga gi gu ge go 或是 nga ngi ngu nge ngo?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtZ3Fa07RGc

GengoJeff - How to Pronounce the Japanese Nasal, ん
http://gengojeff.com/2013/06/16/japanese-nasal/

How Romaji Can Ruin Your Day
http://www.tofugu.com/2012/06/21/how-romaji-can-ruin-your-day/

Minna no Nihongo 1-1 Translation & Grammatical Notes in English (Asian Edition) — Introduction

Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception_of_English_/r/_and_/l/_by_Japanese_speakers

Wikipedia - 日本式ローマ字
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本式ローマ字

Wikipedia - ローマ字
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ローマ字#.E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3

Wikipedia - N (kana)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_(kana)


☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆.。.:*・゚*:.。.☆☆


用片假名寫的詞彙包括轉寫的借詞以及日本發明的(很像)英語詞彙。
Words written in katakana includes transcribed loan words and Japanese-made English(-like) words.

「マクドナルド」 = 轉寫・transcription
「ライト」 = 轉寫・transcription
「サラリーマン」  和製英語Wasei-eigo

「和製英語」是英語嗎?
Is “Wasei-eigo” (Japanglish) English?

那中式英語、港式英語、新式英語等等是「英語」嗎?
So, are Chinglish, Honglish, Singlish, etc “English”?

什麼時候,一個語言才能稱得上「語言變體」?
When can a form of language become a “language variety”?

在什麼方面,一個語言可以變成「很多語言」?
In what aspects can one language become “many languages”?

詞彙、口音,還有語法?
Vocabulary, accents and grammar?

變體可以很好玩或很礙眼,這取決於你怎麼看。
Variety can be fun or a thorn-in-the-flesh, depending on how you look at it.




鏈接・LINKS
【00】出発点(しゅっぱつてん)
【01】「母音」と「長音」
【02】「子音」と「促音」
【04】拍




(完)


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